Emotional Intelligence Abstract Free Essays

Enthusiastic Intelligence Abstract: Emotional insight is an educated reaction that can be changed. Passionate insight is just getting ourselves as well as other people, and acting to the greatest advantage of ourselves as well as other people. My test consequences of an Emotional Intelligence test from The Institute for Health and Human Potential made me very enthusiastic as I read them. We will compose a custom article test on Passionate Intelligence Abstract or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now The Emotional Intelligence test had questions that should have been replied on a sliding scale, from one side being unequivocally differ to the opposite end being firmly concur. The inquiries were about my sentiments on a few unique everyday issues encounters. The inquiries were simple and straight forward. To me they were about presence of mind. There additionally was a short 4 section video to watch. To me it was very senseless, about a supervisor with a ton of intense subject matters. My test outcomes said I was marginally better than expected in Emotional Intelligence with space to develop. That made me grin. As I read on the outcomes stifled me up. I felt like this exceptionally casual test informed more regarding me than I even think about myself or possibly will say about myself. The subsequent test was from Queendom the place where there is tests and was known as the Emotional Intelligence Test. This test had a couple of a bigger number of inquiries than the main test. Again the inquiries were simple and straight forward. The inquiries were to be replied on a sliding scale like the primary test. The inquiries appeared to be somewhat more close to home than the primary test. The two tests caused me to kick back and truly consider my answers. The subsequent test comprised of two sections, a self-report parcel, and a capacity partition. The test asses my capacity to perceive my own feelings and those of others. Likewise how to see how best to rouse myself and become nearer to other people, and to deal with my inclination and the sentiment of others. It additionally expressed I was sensibly acceptable however there was some opportunity to get better. By and large I am genuinely talented at comprehension and managing feelings. It additionally expressed I was sensibly gifted with regards to the capacity to recognize, see and express feelings in myself and in others. With respect to confinements, I don’t consistently pick the best type of goals for others’ clashes. Also, the way where I would resolve clashes are not generally gainful. Feeling knowledge alludes to a capacity to perceive the implications of feelings and to reason and issue fathom based on them. (Mayer, 1999) Emotional knowledge includes the ability to see feelings and comprehend the data of those feelings and oversee them. Passionate knowledge is significant in light of the fact that it is basic to oversee ones practices and in settling on basic decisions throughout everyday life. Enthusiastic knowledge massively affects individual and expert achievement. Passionate knowledge can be expanded with training. The limbic framework (the feeling mind) responds to occasions first before we have the chance to connect with the sane cerebrum. (emotionalintelligence. net) the meaning of enthusiastic knowledge requires viable correspondence between the objective and passionate focuses of the mind. Versatility is a term to depict your minds capacity to develop new associations between neurons that encourage the utilization of new practices. At the point when you work to build your passionate knowledge the billions of neurons between the normal and enthusiastic focuses of your mind branch off to speak with the cells around them. A solitary cell can grow up to 10,000 associations with the cells around it. Improving your passionate insight should be possible by deduction before you talk and self-information. To me a case of high passionate insight is somebody who is self-persuaded, in any event, when there are terrible conditions they despite everything remain roused. At the end of the day, they are not weaklings. Somebody that can remain calm is high in passionate knowledge. References: Mayer, Caruso, Salovery, 2000 Emotional Intelligence, Why it can matter more than IQ, Daniel Goleman Emotionalintelligence. net Step by step instructions to refer to Emotional Intelligence Abstract, Essay models

The Struggle Within :: essays research papers

The Struggle Within      The Scarlet Letter offers exceptional knowledge into the standards and conduct of seventeenth century puritan culture. The essential attributes and issues of its fundamental characters, be that as it may, are natural to perusers in the present (Encarta 98). In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne creates Reverend Dimmesdale’s interior battle through his blame, his uncertainty with respect to admission, and his official choice to admit.      At the start of the novel, the Reverend Dimmesdale has submitted infidelity with Hester Prynne, and he is continually disturbed by certain blame. Dimmesdale realizes he is a wolf in sheep's clothing and he loathes himself for it. He attempts numerous approaches to pay atonement, however nothing appears to mitigate him of this horrible blame. He takes a stab at fasting and he has a go at whipping himself, yet nothing can free him of his blame. This blame causes Dimmesdale to turn out to be truly sick. He continually is holding his hand over his heart. This is on the grounds that Hester Prynne is compelled to wear the red letter An on her bosom. He feels associated with her since she was his accomplice in transgression, so he holds his hand over his heart to shroud his An, or blame. Toward the finish of the novel when he confesses, he shows his chest, and uncovers his own A. Numerous individuals felt this was brought about by blame.      The Reverend Dimmesdale needs to admit, however he is in every case too apprehensive to even consider facing the results of admission. In the main platform scene, Dimmesdale attempts to admit, yet can't do it. In the second framework scene, Dimmesdale’s intention is to remain on the platform until morning so everybody will see him. He can't quit pondering what may befall him in the event that he is seen. While remaining on the framework, in this vain demonstration of reparation, Mr. Dimmesdale was overwhelmed with an incredible loathsomeness of brain, as though the universe were looking at a red token on his exposed bosom, directly over his heart†¦. With no capacity to limit himself, he screamed so anyone might hear; a clamor that went ringing as the night progressed, and was beaten back starting with one house then onto the next, and resonated from the slopes in the background†¦(Hawthorne 102) This statement shows the anguish felt by Dimmesdale that he had no real way to calm himself of his blame. Afterward, when Dimmesdale is still on the framework Hester and Pearl stroll by. Dimmesdale requests that they go along with him on the framework.

Is Google making us stupid Essay Sample

Is Google making us stupid Essay Sample An article that was written by a Nicholas Carr “Is Google making us stupid?” impressed me and many other people disclosing the hidden truth about the Internet and its influence on people. The results of the analysis provided in the article are quite pessimistic. According to the data provided there, people are losing an ability to read and think critically. It doesn’t mean that one day people forget how the alphabet looks like, it only means that the way how people read and think is quite different from the one it was before the Internet era. At the very beginning of the article, Nicholas Carr mentions that he has some problems with reading long pieces of works. As a result, he decided to analyze this question. He mentions that the more time he spends on the web, the worse situation with reading is. For example, it became harder for him to read even three pages pieces. To understand whether it is a unique case or other people also suffer from this problem, it was decided to ask other quite smart people, who were fond of reading long books. All of them states, that their ability to read is worse than it was a few years ago. A lot of them have complaints about their attentiveness when reading. For example, Scott Karp, who is a writer of a blog about online media confessed that he just stopped reading books. However, in college, he was a lit major. The conclusion of the analysis is quite simple â€" the web has changed the way we read. One more example that can prove that there are great changes in the reading sphere, is that people, who use online libraries don’t read the books â€" they skim them. It is enough for them to look through the title and outline to understand the information. A lot of people don’t understand why this is happening with them. People always search for the convenience and create amazing things, such as the Internet, computer, and typewriter to make the life easier. However, they don’t understand that we are connected with our machines. The answer is simple â€" the author thinks that the equipment we use to read or write down information have an impact on how the information is taken or provided. The simplest example will be a typed letter and a hand-written letter. Everyone can see the difference between these things. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now One more thing that the author is worried about is what kind the information we get from Google. People get used to believe mass media and the Internet. However, it is necessary to be very attentive because none of them presents the pure information. It is always shaped the way the authority wants this. Unfortunately, critical thinking skills are also bad nowadays. It is very hard for people to decide when they see the truth, and when they get the shaped information. I totally agree with the Nicholas Carr’s arguments provided in the article. I think that we really have a great connection to the equipment we use for communicating and reading. From the one side, it is very convenient and it makes the lives of the people easier. On the other hand, people forget how to read and how to think. They only can scan the material because after a few minutes it is hard to stay attentive. Apart from this, the author states that deep reading is the basic thing of deep thinking. Unfortunately, I couldn’t find much information about the solution of this problem. Apart from this, I didn’t notice many reasons, why it is necessary to search for a solution. I think that every person can control him/herself, so everything, including deep reading and thinking, depends on the personal abilities and desires.

Is Google making us stupid Essay Sample

Is Google making us stupid Essay Sample An article that was written by a Nicholas Carr “Is Google making us stupid?” impressed me and many other people disclosing the hidden truth about the Internet and its influence on people. The results of the analysis provided in the article are quite pessimistic. According to the data provided there, people are losing an ability to read and think critically. It doesn’t mean that one day people forget how the alphabet looks like, it only means that the way how people read and think is quite different from the one it was before the Internet era. At the very beginning of the article, Nicholas Carr mentions that he has some problems with reading long pieces of works. As a result, he decided to analyze this question. He mentions that the more time he spends on the web, the worse situation with reading is. For example, it became harder for him to read even three pages pieces. To understand whether it is a unique case or other people also suffer from this problem, it was decided to ask other quite smart people, who were fond of reading long books. All of them states, that their ability to read is worse than it was a few years ago. A lot of them have complaints about their attentiveness when reading. For example, Scott Karp, who is a writer of a blog about online media confessed that he just stopped reading books. However, in college, he was a lit major. The conclusion of the analysis is quite simple â€" the web has changed the way we read. One more example that can prove that there are great changes in the reading sphere, is that people, who use online libraries don’t read the books â€" they skim them. It is enough for them to look through the title and outline to understand the information. A lot of people don’t understand why this is happening with them. People always search for the convenience and create amazing things, such as the Internet, computer, and typewriter to make the life easier. However, they don’t understand that we are connected with our machines. The answer is simple â€" the author thinks that the equipment we use to read or write down information have an impact on how the information is taken or provided. The simplest example will be a typed letter and a hand-written letter. Everyone can see the difference between these things. More free time? Better grade? Click on this button nowOrder Now One more thing that the author is worried about is what kind the information we get from Google. People get used to believe mass media and the Internet. However, it is necessary to be very attentive because none of them presents the pure information. It is always shaped the way the authority wants this. Unfortunately, critical thinking skills are also bad nowadays. It is very hard for people to decide when they see the truth, and when they get the shaped information. I totally agree with the Nicholas Carr’s arguments provided in the article. I think that we really have a great connection to the equipment we use for communicating and reading. From the one side, it is very convenient and it makes the lives of the people easier. On the other hand, people forget how to read and how to think. They only can scan the material because after a few minutes it is hard to stay attentive. Apart from this, the author states that deep reading is the basic thing of deep thinking. Unfortunately, I couldn’t find much information about the solution of this problem. Apart from this, I didn’t notice many reasons, why it is necessary to search for a solution. I think that every person can control him/herself, so everything, including deep reading and thinking, depends on the personal abilities and desires.

The Face Of Education And The Changes It Has Undertaken...

The face of education and the changes it has undertaken throughout history in the U.S. is a constant flow that thus alters the fabric of the American society. To provide an educated workforce for the future has been the job of educators for centuries, but with a greater immigration movement and presence, an educator s’ ability is limited and the fate of such children are left to suffer. Pulling from America’s position as a â€Å"melting pot† of different cultures and people, students should not be subjugated to poverty and educational ignorance just because of their status as an â€Å"illegal immigrant,† a distinction made by the choices of their parents and the situations of their past. Illegal immigration is not by choice to intrude upon another nation, but to secure the individual’s rights to better their own life. Through distance and set conditions, immigrants cannot always obtain the documentation necessary to cross borders in a timely manner , causing many to cross the border into a new life without being â€Å"legal.† Upon arriving, the next step is education, preparing to try to fit in with the rest of the society and gain a stepping stone into success, thus the shift of acceptance in education during the Plyler vs. Doe Supreme Court case was fundamental to attain change and support for illegal immigrant families. From the late 1700’s, just after the establishment of the U.S., immigration has been a problem as it allowed the mixing of multiple cultures and ethnicities in a singleShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Secret To Staying Mentally Sharp In Later Life1036 Words   |  5 PagesSharp in Later Life Aging and its concomitant physical and mental deterioration is an inevitable part of life. 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The financial crisis is said to have contributed to this significant gap between the top 1% and everybody else. People view

Sonnys Blues (An Insight) Essay example - 572 Words

Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, set in Harlem in 1957, was largely about the struggles of an ethnic minority and the stagnation they feel, but moreso how two brothers come to understand each other due to their struggles and from years of living their own, very different lives. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Baldwin’s constant, detailed, reflections helped me immensely in understanding this story. I feel that they served as a constant reminder of the social context in which this story takes place. It helped to have those incessant reminders because I kept thinking it takes place in recent years, versus the 1950s, before the Civil Rights Movement was in full swing. The biggest idea that I had to keep in mind was that the racism (ultimately†¦show more content†¦Although he has a respectable job as a teacher, he still feels institutionalized within his status of being a black man living in Harlem. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After living their opposite lives for several years, the narrator fulfills a promise to his mother and watches over his younger brother. Through many revelations, the two find ultimately find a common ground about where they come from, the pain and the suffering of being trapped inside their status no matter how they tried altering it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The most important part of the story, to me, is in the end when the narrator watches Sonny play the piano at the bar. His brother orders a drink to be delivered at the bandstand, and once the barmaid brings him a drink and sets it on the piano, Sonny picks the cup up, looks toward his brother, and nods. This signifies that there is finally a mutual understanding between the two, as if they had not really been so far apart all the while. Our narrator then describes the â€Å"cup of trembling† above Sonny’s head, as a symbol of all the pain and suffering that each of them have endured (96). The narrator had finally realized that music is what Sonny uses to channel his agony in something worthwhile and very real. The largest impact on me came from the conjunction of this scene and the statement from our narrator in the paragraph above the closingShow MoreRelatedJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues1452 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwin’s Sonnyâ₠¬â„¢s Blues is a short story that, for some people, could be considered a challenging read. Not because of the level of difficulty, but for the fact that it shares a lot of human angst. However, Baldwin’s story still manages to be entertaining, as well as holding many life lessons in it. Baldwin’s story teaches lessons such as; dealing with suffering, being supportive, and accepting differences. James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues does a noble job of relating to the readers on variousRead MoreEssay about Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1003 Words   |  5 Pages There are many things we learn of Sonny and his nameless brother in Sonnys Blues. We learn their mannerisms, hobbies, occupations, and even their addictions. It seems we learn nearly everything about the pair; minus the narrators name, as previously stated. Hearing of their histories and the pains theyve under gone, we see how they deal with their pain, which often truly tells character. Sonnys Blues isnt a story of two brothers living in a rough city; one of whom is a talented musicianRead MoreJames Baldwins Sonnys Blues859 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿An Analysis of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues In James Baldwin s short story Sonny s Blues a young man questions his brotherly obligations after finding that his younger brother has been arrested for using drugs. In the attempt to rectify his younger brother s behavior and life, the young man faces his own feelings for his brother and comes to terms with the life his brother Sonny lives. The developments of certain elements-plot, character, point of view, setting, symbolism-in the storyRead MoreThe Meaning Behind the Music in Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin671 Words   |  3 Pagesdark place, unless we can find something to pull us out. In the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin music was the remedy. The main factors that make up this story is suffering, the overall theme of darkness, and the meaning of the music. Suffering is something that everyone has to persevere at some point in their life. One thing makes us unique is how we deal with these hardships. The characters in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† endure many difficult situations. How they choose to deal with these situationsRead MoreJames Baldwin s Reality Through Sonny1253 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin’s Reality through Sonny Sonny’s Blues digs deeply into the â€Å"Negro American† during Civil Rights and Jim Crow Era’s. Set in Harlem, New York in the 1950’s. James Baldwin’s stories give insight based on events of his culture and this becomes apparent through the analysis of the characters in Sonny’s Blues. James Baldwin uses his talents to paint a vivid picture of African American life through a fictional story of two brothers who choseRead MoreRole of Music in Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin1345 Words   |  5 PagesSonnys Blues Sonnys Blues, by James Baldwin, explores the strained relationship that two brothers the unnamed narrator and Sonny have and how the narrator slowly begins to recognize Sonnys relationship with music. While the narrator is initially baffled by Sonnys dream to become a musician, towards the end of the short story, he recognizes that Sonny depends on music and that it is a driving force in his life, possibly one of the only things that keep him alive. Sonnys Blues opens withRead More James Baldwins Story Sonnys Blues Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwins Story Sonnys Blues James Baldwin?s story ?Sonny?s Blues? is a deep and reflexive composition. Baldwin uses the life of two brothers to establish parallelism of personal struggle with society, and at the same time implies a psychological process of one brother leaving his socially ingrained prejudices to understand and accept the others flaws. The story is narrated by Sonny?s older brother whom remained unnamed the entire story. Sonnys brother is a pragmatic person, a teacherRead MoreReflection Of Sonnys Blues816 Words   |  4 Pagesstories that opened my eyes up to new learnings and thoughts about literature. The story that I most connected with that I really enjoyed reading was Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin. In this short story I could relate to a lot of the things the characters were feeling especially Sonny. I took away the most in this semester from Sonny’s Blues because I could understand Sonny’s feelings of using music to cope with challenges, making independent decisions in his own life and not having family fully supportRead MoreIf Beale Street Could Talk and Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin1128 Words   |  5 Pagesand â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† author James Baldwin shows that embracing suffering, rather than being trapped by it, leads to growth and enlightenment. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† introduces two brothers who have differing mindsets about how to best cope with suffering. The narrator is Sonny’s responsible, unnamed older brother, who follows a very ordered path, using military service, marriage and teaching math to gain stability and escape the downward pull of Harlem. In contrast, younger brother Sonny lives his lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Sonny s Blues 1580 Words   |  7 Pagespoem, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues, â€Å"Apollo† and #280, the authors Baldwin, Adichie and Dickinson illustrate how one’s actions and relationships can lead to a deeper sense of self imprisonment portrayed in each of their characters. This paper will go into depth about whether these characters can escape from this figurative self imprisonment or if all hope is lost for them. The authors’ opinions on this issue demonstrate ultimately a bigger picture on life, which is important because it gives an insight on how t he

Founding Fathers Reflections The Generation - 1398 Words

Erin Tran Period 4 Founding Fathers Reflections Preface: The Generation In the first few pages of this chapter, I thought it was interesting that Ellis really goes into detail about hindsight and far sight saying that because of hindsight, many of the founders could only see the goal of being independent. However there were some that saw the plentiful amount of resources and the potential America had to form a government. But all of the Founding Fathers were not sure that they would win the war. Then after, when they were gathered to expand the Articles of Confederation, there were people who wanted power to be kept at a local level and there were those who thought federalism was better and wanted to make a larger and more†¦show more content†¦Chapter One: The Duel After finishing this chapter, I thought it was quite odd that he didn’t explain what happened before the duel first. Instead Ellis could have gave more info of maybe something that could backup our knowledge of the American Revolution. But, it also could have just been a way to make someone more interested because we first learn that Hamilton gets shot and after knowing that we want to know WHY Burr shot Hamilton. But Ellis hints that the Founding Fathers had harsh expectations for each other and they all had lots of honor to defend such as Hamilton; he did not plan to oppose Burr, but Hamilton still went to meet Burr. Then as it said in the start of the chapter. The consequences given to Burr were worse than the ones given to Hamilton -which was death-. This was a private matter between two Founding Fathers, and they tried their best to keep it private by doing things such as being in a private place or making all people nearby turn away so they could not be witnesses. But it was probably quite hard for them to keep this â€Å"private† matter away from the public, even with all of these precautions. Later in the chapter we learned that the Founding Fathers were afraid of breakdown of the federal government and The Duel was a display of the fear of the breakdown. Chapter Two: The Dinner So again the chapter was placed in a funky order and talks about the Dinner first and then it later talks about

Experiencing Poetry I do not Love Thee Essay Example For Students

Experiencing Poetry: I do not Love Thee Essay Thee Initial response: It seems to me that this poem Is about a girls struggle to come to terms with whom she Is dearly attracted to. Words: The words in this poem were easy enough to understand, some of which were of an older variety of English. Images: In this poem I could feel the inner struggle and frustration of the poets position. Figurative Language: The poem used rhyming every other line to make things flow better and repeated l do not love thee In every stanza as If to make herself believe hat. Emotion: I believe that the poet was trying to express the emotion of pure frustration towards her own Inability to control her emotions towards another. Structure: The poem is organized into five stanzas with every other line rhyming. Meaning: I feel that the poet is trying to convey the meaning that love is frustrating at times and can leave you in a state of mental exhaustion. Publication: The poem l Do Not Love Thee would probably do best in the magazine Families and Friendships. This magazine suggests, Just as the poem does, that love can be a heartache or heavenly. When the poem says l do not love thee! †yet, I know not why It expresses an emotion of frustration, or a lack of self understanding. This magazine seems to be a place that offers guidance to those In this position. The poet also makes a case that love can be a good thing, attraction between two people is made to seem sweet by the words in this poem.

Victorian Age Unit Review Flashcard

Victorian Age Unit Review

Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF

The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia... Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia...

Child Development, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Development, - Essay Example As "all aspects of the development are interrelated," (Chesebrough, 163) the report describes the results of the comparative analysis of the child development in the four domains and relates them to the specific skills and abilities of child growth. The infant I selected for my observation, collection of data, and assessment of the child development in physical, cognitive, social and emotional domains is my elder sister's five month old boy John. I would observe him closely at the house of my sister for several hours a day as they resided near to my apartment. My observations of the baby were basically guided by specific objectives which help me interpret its development through various domains. Thus, I watched the baby closely to find how it perceives moving objects and I was interested to know how fast the child acquires the awareness of things. The information on how infants perceive moving objects from the text Discovering Child Development was greatly useful in my observations and I was interested to know how quickly the infant grasps the perception of objects. (Fabes et al) Using some moving toys, I challenged his skill of perception and he took much time to get attracted to the toys. Once he noticed the object, he seemed to be interested in the movement, though his attention lasted just for a very short period of time. John could not maintain his concentration for more than thirty seconds continuously and he would direct his attention to some other substance. Similarly, he would again draw his attention to the object after a very short interval. All these correspond to the characteristics of his cognitive domain and its peculiarities. Every time the object reached near to him, John would move his hands and legs upward and be greatly rejuvenated which presents his physical domain. The child needed longer time to recognize the object compared to his brother Tom who is three years old. However, the moving objects are recognized by the child much faster compared to the stationary objects and all these suggest the features of his cognitive domain. In an assessment of the development of the infant with regard to the social and emotional domains, I observed his several responses in different social situations. Whenever people new to him tried to get his attention, he would be careful to give his responses and when there were forced attempts to enter his psychological realm he would feel disturbed and resist. However, in the socially friendly environments, the child was very much at ease and the presence of parents was particularly comfortable to him. Personally, I had created a great rapport with the child and he responded positively to my motivations and behaved in the most convincing manner. The social as well as emotional domain of the child has reached a reasonably competent stage and the child began to express the indicators of these faculties. Towards the final days of my observation period, the infant had developed its skills considerably with regard to a variety of elements. Therefore, the pace of these improvements in t he physical, cognitive, social and emotional domains suggests that the child development in this age is rapid. My observations concluded that the infants have a more holistic

Contemporary Issues in business and management Essay

Contemporary Issues in business and management - Essay Example Sustainability refers to the voluntary activities of the company, which show that it is committed to environmental and social concerns, according to the ways it administers its operations and in its dealings with its stakeholders (Van Marrewjk & Verre, 2003). This paper will discuss the challenges encountered by the leaders of the organization, in their attempts to incorporate CSR, and particularly that related to the impacts of their business activities, in the light of the models, theory and the analytical tools related to CSR, change and innovation management and leadership. Further, the paper will evaluate the ways in which companies are going green, giving some examples. The era for applauding the economic prosperity of corporations as a stand-alone area has ended, as corporations, societies, governments and agencies are questioning the impacts of corporate activities and actions (Orlitzky, Schmidt and Rynes, 2003). This change of outlook requires firms to redirect and split their attention towards increasing its economic performance, while at the same time filling the position of good corporate citizen. Filling these positions requires companies to keep in touch with global trends on maintaining commitment to the two major goal areas; meeting private and public needs (Henderson, 2007). These new demands have forced corporations to review their rules, frameworks, and business models. Among the most responsible companies, it is a daily practice to review short and long-term plans, so as to stay safe and at the front line in the rapidly changing world. There has been a change in the way that companies consider their place, paying reference to local an d global stakeholders (Holcomb, Upchurch and Okumus, 2007). There has also been a change in the management of the relationships maintained between companies and its stakeholders, particularly with customers, suppliers, investors,

Dissolution Profile of Paracetamol Generics

Dissolution Profile of Paracetamol Generics 1 Introduction The pharmaceutical industry had an estimated turnover of $773 billion in 2008,1 however not all of this revenue was taken as profit; a significant cost goes into research and industry guideline compliance. With regards to new generic medications, proving bioequivalence is crucial to success, however necessary in vivo testing can be costly.2 Drugs which meet certain Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) criteria may be exempt from these expensive tests and can be permitted a biowaiver.3 This allows in vitro dissolution testing in place of in vivo plasma analysis. Paracetamol is one such drug that has qualities which place it at the borderline of biowaiver suitability.3 It is the worlds most commonly used analgesic4 and the question arises as to whether all preparations are as effective as each other? More specifically we ask, is there is any significant difference between the dissolution profile of paracetamol generics? This literature review is in preparation of experimental t ests designed to ascertain if there is any difference in dissolution profile of eight bioequivalent preparations listed on the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and whether this difference may correlate to a clinical significance in such a common place drug. 2 Search Strategy All data was sourced through internet databases, i.e. Medline, Pubmed, and the Cochrane Library. The search engines Google Scholar and UWA library were also utilized. Keywords included. KEY WORDS Paracetamol, acetaminophen, bioequivalent (therapeutic equivalency), Delayed-action Preparations, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Tablets, Drug Compounding, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Observer Variation, Dissolution, Metabolism, in vitro, in vivo, IVIVC, Drug Content, Bioavailability and Correlation. Boolean searching was utilised to broaden or narrow search results and once appropriate articles were sourced, citing and cited articles were also evaluated. 3 Paracetamol 3.1 History Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the worlds most popular drugs for the treatment of pain and fever.4 It was first synthesized in 1878 by Morse, and was used clinically for the first time in 1887 by von Merring.4, 5 Paracetamol fell into obscurity shortly thereafter in favour of other chemically related drugs such as phenacetin.5 However, phenacetin was later found to be nephrotoxic, and the search for a substitute arose.5 In 1950, a study from Brodie and Axelrod rediscovered paracetamols suitable analgesic properties.4 Although, this drug did not experience widespread acceptance until the 1970s due to unfounded concerns about safety; but from then on, it became the most commonly used medication for pain.4 In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, paracetamol sales have exceeded those of aspirin since 1980.4 3.2 Physicochemical properties Paracetamol or N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 168-172C (Martindale). It is sparingly soluble in water, ie. one part of paracetamol is soluble in 70 parts of water at room temperature.3 It is also freely soluble in alcohol. (Martindale) Paracetamol shows maximal UV absorption at a wavelength of 249nm and is reported to have a pKa of 9.5 at 25C.3 3.3 Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics 3.3.1 Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Action The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol has remained largely unknown for some time.6-9 For years it has been thought to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) in a similar manner to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, however definitive proof of analgesia and antipyresis being dependent on COX inhibition is still lacking.4 Recently, two independent groups have produced experimental data that has demonstrated that analgesia involves the potentiation of the cannabinoid vanilloid tone in the brain and in the dorsal root ganglia.4 Blockade of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in rats has eliminated any analgesic properties of paracetamol and suggests that paracetamol is in fact a cannabinomimetic.4 3.3.2 Pharmacokinetics 3.3.2.1 Absorption Bioavailability: Paracetamol has been reported to have a bioavailability of 62%-89% in those of a fasted state,3, 8 this divergence from absolute bioavailability is attributed to first pass hepatic metabolism. Peak plasma concentrations are reached between 0.17-2.0 hours post-dosing.10 As expected, food has been shown to reduce absorption by increasing tmax and decreasing Cmax values. Food has not been shown to affect the amount of acetaminophen reaching the blood.3 3.3.2.2 Distribution: Paracetamol has a reported volume of distribution of 0.69-1.36L/Kg.11 Around 20%-25% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins at therapeutic dosages; however this value has been shown to increase to 20%-50% in over dosage. Paracetamol has also been shown to cross the placenta, and has a 1.24 milk/plasma ratio in breast milk.3 Paracetamol is an ADEC category A drug, i.e. it is safe to use in pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding.9 3.3.2.3 Metabolism Excretion: Around 85%-90% of paracetamol is metabolized within the liver via the process of glucuronidation and sulfation.3 These inactive metabolites are then eliminated by the kidney in the urine. Approximately 5% of paracetamol is passed out unchanged in the urine, the remaining drug is conjugated with cysteine and mercapturic acid.3, 8 The half-life of paracetamol has been reported as 1.9 4.3 hours3, 8, 10 but longer in those with renal impairment. 3.4 Indication Paracetamol is indicated in the symptomatic treatment of mild-to-moderate pain as well as fever3, 9 and has also been described to have mild anti-inflammatory properties.3 3.5 Dose Dosage Forms For adults, the optimal single dose of paracetamol is 1g,3, 9 with a maximum dose of 4g daily.9 Hepatocellular necrosis can occur from doses of 10-15g, and death may result in doses in excess of 20-25g.3 Paracetamol is available in many dosage forms, as a single active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), or in combination with other analgesics such as codeine (Panadeine), dextropropoxyphene (Di-Gesic), metoclopramide (Metomax), as well as in combination with decongestants such as pseudoephedrine in cold-and-flu preparations.9 This drug is available as immediate release (IR) tablets, sustained release (SR) tablets, chewable, elixirs, IV injections and suppositories.9 4 Biopharmaceutics Classification System The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) is a method of grouping active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) based on their solubility and intestinal permeability.12-16 The system allows for easy identification of those drugs whose in vivo absorption can be easily anticipated based on their in vitro dissolution.12, 15, 16 This implies that two different products containing the same drug will have the same rate and extent of absorption if, over time, they both have the same concentration profile at the intestinal membrane.12 Since it is the dissolution profile of a drug which determines its concentration profile in the intestinal lumen, comparability of this parameter in vitro should produce comparable absorption results in vivo.12 In reality however, only those drugs with high permeability which are formulated into IR preparations can be easily and reliably applied to this logic.12, 15, 16 4.1 BCS Drug Classes There are four classes within the BCS to which a drug can be assigned (as outlined in figure 1). Class I is comprised of those drugs with high permeability and solubility, these drugs are expected to be well absorbed and, providing dissolution is slower than gastric emptying, show a good correlation between in vitro dissolution rate and the rate and extent of in vivo absorption (IVIVC).12, 15, 16 Class II drugs also have high permeability but their solubility is low which ensures in vivo dissolution is the rate limiting step in drug absorption and thus IVIVC is expected.12 Class III drugs have a low permeability with high solubility, traditionally these drugs were believed to have little or no IVIVC,12 however recent studies have shown that if a class III drug is very rapidly dissolving then a correlation may exist.18, 19 Finally Class IV drugs have both low permeability and solubility these drugs are not expected to show any IVIVC.12 For each of the four BCS classes a drug substance is considered highly soluble when the highest [IR] dose strength is soluble in 250mL or less of aqueous media over the pH range of 1-7.5.16 The permeability of a drug is considered high if greater than 90% of a dose is absorbed across the intestinal membrane.16, 20 Using these definitions, paracetamol is classified as a BCS class III drug but it is also described as borderline class I because it is only just on the cusp of low permeability.3 4.2 Utility of the BCS The genius of the BCS is that it allows easy identification of drug candidates for which relatively cheap and fast in vitro dissolution testing can replace the more expensive, time consuming and invasive in vivo absorption testing.2 The system does away with complex bioavailability modeling that must account for fasted and fed states as well as cyclical changes in motility and gastric emptying.12, 14 The impact of the BCS on the pharmaceutical industry was so great that in 2006, creator Dr. Gordon Amidon was awarded the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Distinguished Scientist Award.21 5 Correlation between in vitro dissolution and bioavailability Following the introduction of the BCS a great deal of research was conducted exploring the power of IVIVC. It became a main focus not just of the pharmaceutical industry but also of academia and regulatory authorities.2 IVIVC became popular because it can be used as a substitute for resource intensive bioavailability testing; the concept has essentially improved the speed and cost of drug development as well as quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing.2 5.1 Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Bioavailability is an important concept because it determines the efficacy, safety and reproducibility of the therapeutic effect of drugs and the many formulations in which they come.22 For the purpose of drugs that produce a systemic therapeutic effect, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)22 defines bioavailability as the extent and the rate at which a substance or its active moiety is delivered from a pharmaceutical form and becomes available in the general circulation. Bioavailability is therefore inherently linked to drug absorption and may also be predicted using IVIVC as defined by the BCS. If two pharmaceutically equivalent (same active ingredient and content in the same formulation) products have the same bioavailability they are considered bioequivalent and will essentially have the same efficacy and safety. Bioequivalence is important because it is the basis for which innovator medicines can be substituted with generics. 5.2 Strength of in vitro in vivo correlations The BCS is a predictive tool for determining which drugs will have an IVIVC. Table 1 demonstrates that under the BCS only class II along with some class I drugs are expected to have IVIVCs.12 Research subsequent to Dr. Amidons first BCS publication has generally upheld his initial findings however exceptions to the rule have been found. 5.2.1 Drugs with IVIVC The BCS suggests that if the bioavailability of a drug is dissolution rate limited then a good IVIVC should be possible. This notion has been demonstrated for flutamide a very poorly soluble high dose compound which is not expected to have IVIVC but has dissolution rate limited absorption.23 A paper published by Posti, Katila Kostiainen23 concluded that there is a strong IVIVC for flutamide and this was identified on four separate occasions where bioavailability was studied. All four studies were of single dose, cross over design and each subsequent study increased the number of subjects tested (study I: n = 6, Study IV: n = 24). The strength of the papers methodology provides good support for its conclusions however this was undermined by a lack of documented statistical analysis. Much more compelling evidence comes from a study by Sakuma et. al.24 which was able to show an IVIVC for two BCS class I drugs after they received an enteric coating, thus eliminating the possibility that gastric emptying was the rate limiting step. The results were statistically significant, however the tablets were tested in rat models rather than human subjects and the dissolution test may not have adequately reflected the in vivo environment that enteric coated tablets are subject to.24 Further studies in human subjects demonstrating the difference in IVIVC between enteric and non-enteric coated tablets could not be identified in the literature. There are hundreds of other drugs which have an IVIVC and these are neither limited to BCS class II drugs or drugs with dissolution rate limited absorption. Theophylline is a BCS class IV drug and yet in a complete cross over study of four different theophylline tablets the in vitro dissolution was able to significantly predict several in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC Cmax) which dictate bioavailability.25 The study was small (n = 6) and not all pharmacokinetic parameters could be correlated. Other common drug examples with IVIVC include digoxin,26 rifampicin,27 diclofenac28 and lamotrigine29 and these are by no means exhaustive. 5.2.2 Drugs without IVIVC Not all drugs have an IVIVC and this can also include some BCS class II drugs. A research paper by Frick, Moller Wirbitzki 199830 demonstrated that the in vitro dissolution of glimepiride (BCS class II) is not comparable to dissolution in vivo. The study employed a single dose cross-over design with 12 subjects, Latin-Square statistical analysis was employed and the results were assumed to be significant however not all the data was accompanied by supporting confidence values. No correlation was possible because the solubility of glimepiride is low and strongly pH dependent.30 Unlike glimepiride, ciprofloxacin a quinolone antibiotic, is classified as a BCS class III drug and as a consequence would not be predicted to have an IVIVC. Correspondingly, when tested for this possibility none could be found between dissolution and any of the parameters for bioavailability (Tmax, Cmax, AUC Ka).31 5.2.3 Strength of BCS in predicting IVIVC There is a wide variance between IVIVCs that are anticipated according to the BCS and those that are actually demonstrated after experimental testing. Examples have been provided where both expected and unexpected correlations occur and this suggests that the BCS system while helpful should only be taken as a guide. Laboratory testing is still the only reliable method for determining if a correlation is occurs. Paracetamol is a BCS class III medication and as such is not expected to demonstrate strong IVIVC. Given the fact that paracetamol has a wide therapeutic index and the BCS can only be used as a guide, a safe and useable IVIVC may still exist. 5.2.4 IVIVC of paracetamol The prodigious use, vast quantities manufactured and the presence of many generic products in the marketplace makes paracetamol a prime candidate for IVIVC testing. In 1996 Retaco et. al.32 conducted a small crossover study using five subjects to assess whether an IVIVC for paracetamol may exist. The study stated that the absorption data from saliva partially correlated with those found in vitro,32 this however is not a valid conclusion. One of the subjects studied produced in vivo data that opposed a correlation and this anomaly was further confounded by the fact that statistical analysis was not performed on the IVIVC but rather covered the in vitro and in vivo data separately. This pilot study was later contradicted by Babalola et. al.33 who found limited IVIVCs and suggested that paracetamol absorption may not be limited by its dissolution rate. Similarly, a thorough, well designed, complete crossover (44) study that balanced for first order residual effects, suggested that it wa s dangerous to use dissolution as the sole test for paracetamol bioequivalence.34 Interestingly, all of these studies demonstrated bioequivalence between the various products of paracetamol even if they showed no IVIVC. 6 Biowaiver for bioequivalence testing In vivo bioequivalence studies are required to ascertain the potential differences in bioavailability between innovator and generic products which, may lead to therapeutic inequivalence. A biowaiver provides the authority and grounds for fiscally intensive bioequivalence testing to be replaced by more tolerable in vitro testing. For the most part, IVIVC must first be established in order for a drug to be considered for a biowaiver. The BCS has outlined properties of solid preparations which require evaluation in biowaivers, i.e. solubility, permeability, and dissolution rate.35 In addition to this, the non-critical therapeutic range of a drug should also be considered35 and this is the basis for which paracetamol has gained biowaiver status.3 It should be noted that products produced by the same manufacturer at the same site are exempt from bioequivalence studies.36 6.1 Paracetamol Biowaiver Several characteristics must be considered when a drug presents as a candidate for a biowaiver through dissolution testing. Paracetamol is not a classic biowaiver candidate because it is classified as a BCS Class III drug, it does however possess properties borderline to Class I3 and these enable it to fulfill the requirements of a biowaiver. 6.2 Biowaiver requirements 6.2.1 Characteristics relevant to the active ingredient 6.2.1.1 Risk of therapeutic failure or adverse drug reactions i.e. the need for critical plasma concentrations. When considering a biowaiver for a drug substance, its therapeutic use and therapeutic index also needs to be taken into account.16 In the case of paracetamol, the therapeutic indications are not critical, and there is a wide difference between the usual therapeutic dose and toxic doses. Given that an optimal therapeutic dose for an adult is 1g, and that hepatocellular necrosis can result from ingestion of 10-15g, it can be assumed that paracetamol is not a narrow therapeutic index drug.3 6.2.1.2 Risk of bioinequivalence: Previous evidence of bioavailability problems for an active substance can complicate the justification of in vitro dissolution bioequivalence correlation.35 For paracetamol, the absolute bioavailability has not been shown to vary between therapeutic dose ranges of 5-20mg/kg.3 Other studies have also demonstrated that bioequivalence in different IR paracetamol preparations is achievable.11, 32, 37 6.2.1.3 Solubility: If a drug is highly water soluble it generally lends to exemption of bioequivalence testing, however polymorphism and particle size are major determinants of dissolution and must be considered.35 A drug is considered highly soluble if the amount contained in a preparation of maximal strength dissolves in 250mL of three buffered solutions ranging between a pH of 1-8 at 37C.35 Paracetamol has a pKa of 9.5 and is therefore not substantially ionized at a pH less than 9. As a result, it can be said that its solubility does not vary with pH.3 The highest strength IR preparation of paracetamol is 500mg. Experimentally, this has been shown to dissolve in 21mL,3 which is significantly less than the 250mL that is required by the BCS guidance to prove solubility.16, 35 6.2.1.4 Pharmacokinetic properties: High permeability which is typically indicated by a linear absorption pattern, reduces the potential influence of an IR preparation on bioavailability.35 For paracetamol, the permeability is slightly below the cut-off value of 90%, i.e. one study by Stewart et al.38 found permeability to be 80% once absorbed. This formally excludes paracetamol from being considered for a biowaiver, although extensions to BCS Class III drugs have recently been given more attention.20, 39 6.2.2 Characteristics relevant to the medicinal product 6.2.2.1 Rapid dissolution: Dissolution profiles can be regarded as equal when more than 85% of the active ingredient is dissolved within 15 minutes.35 This comparison must occur between test and reference product in three buffers which with a pH range between 1-8, at 37C.35 Paracetamol tablets have been shown to dissolve within 30 minutes,32 however this rate does not satisfy BCS exemption standards. 6.2.2.2 Excipients: Those included are to be well established and not in atypically large quantities. Kalantzi et al.3 details a table of acceptable excipients which can be used within paracetamol IR tablet formulations which are considered for in vitro dissolution biowaiver. 6.2.2.3 Manufacture: Critical parameters such as particle size and polymorphism should be addressed and documentation should be provided in the dossier that is submitted to TGA.35 Paracetamol has three metastable forms, the only commercially available from is the monoclinic acetaminophen as it is the most thermodynamically stable polymorph.3 From review of the literature, it can be concluded that in vivo bioequivalence testing of solid, oral IR paracetamol dosage forms may not be necessary. This can be justified given that a paracetamol formulation can be shown to:3 Rapidly dissolve under USP guidelines Contain only the acceptable excipients, in usual quantities Demonstrates dissolution profile similar to reference product under conditions stated in USP guidelines 7 Statement of Purpose 7.1 Aim hypothesis The purpose of the proposed study is to compare the dissolution profiles of bioequivalent IR paracetamol preparations listed on the PBS. In particular, comparisons between every preparation will be made, rather than a single comparison against a referent. We hypothesize that there will be no significant difference between the dissolution profile of IR paracetamol tablets when dissolved according to USP specifications. 7.2 Methodology We propose to analyse the dissolution profiles of eight PBS listed bioequivalent paracetamol preparations, namely; APO-paracetamol, Chemmart Paracetamol, Dymadon P, Febridol, Panamax, Paracetamol Sandoz, Paralgin, and Terry White Chemists Paracetamol. Sixteen tablets of each preparation will be dissolved in compliance with USP dissolution test for tablets and capsules, using apparatus II. As mandated, tablets are to be dissolved in 900mL phosphate buffer at a pH of 5.8 with a paddle set to 50rpm. Samples will be taken at intervals of 2,5,10,15,30,45,60 minutes in concordance with practice by Dominguez et al.34 these aliquots will be examined for paracetamol by UV spectrophotometry at 289nm. These data will be statistically analysed by ANOVA. 7.3 Timeline Date Tasks to be performed Work Deadlines Week 11 (15.03 21.03) Create paracetamol standard curves, Test expected dissolution time, Order materials, Source test tablets, Visit school of statistics for advice. Literature Review Due Monday 15th March 12pm Week 12 (22.03 28.03) Testing of tablets 1 2: Dissolution UV vis Week 13 (29.03 04.04) Testing of tablets 3 4: Dissolution UV vis Week 14 (05.04 11.04) Testing of tablets 5 6: Dissolution UV vis Week 15 (12.04 18.04) Testing of tablets 7 8: Dissolution UV vis Week 16 (19.04 25.04) Week in lieu to finish experiments in case of unforeseen circumstances Week 17 (26.04 02.05) Data collation statistical analysis Briefing on the writing of the final report Wed 28.04 2pm Week 18 (03.05 09.05) Writing draft report Week 19 (10.05-16.05) Editing final draft report Week 20 (17.05 23.05) Powerpoint presentation format 1st Draft Research Project Due Friday 21st May Week 21 (24.05 30.05) Correcting draft report Week 22 (31.05 06.06) Amending powerpoint presentation Final report due Mon 31.05 12pm Week 23 (07.06 13.06) Amending final report Week 24 (14.06 20.06) Presentation rehearsal Seminars, submission of amended report to pharmacy office

Phiestria: The Unseen Killer :: essays research papers

Phiesteria: The Unseen Killer An incredibly scary new type of algae is on the loose on the eastern seaboard of the United States and worst of all not many people know about it. Phiesteria piscicida- Latin for â€Å"fish killer† has been living in the mud of rivers for millions of years, but until recently something has jolted its metabolism into overdrive and has caused it to become a fearsome predator. This newly discovered type of dinoflagellate or marine protozoa, which generally has two flagella and cellulose covering, has been living off simple nutrients in the river waters of primarily North Carolina, until now that is. Near the Neuse River in NC, there is a slaughterhouse for pigs and chickens; all of the waste from the pigs is stored in massive lagoons where it is later sprayed onto crops as fertilizer. Unfortunately, a lot of this raw sewage ends up in streams that flow into the Neuse, which in turn enters the Pamlico Sound, a 2,000-mile long estuary in NC. This ultimately brings an immense amount of nutrients to the water thus causing the Phiesteria to shape-shift and enter a state of lethal attack on everything from fish to human. The Center for Disease Control has yet to do anything about this at all, which may be the scariest fact so far. I learned about this ecological disaster while reading my newest edition (October 2001) of Maxim. As I was flipping through my new magazine I saw a horrifying picture of a fish; it looked as though something took a bite out of its neck. Interested, I continued to read, â€Å"The Coming Plague† by Jeff Wise. Basically, Maxim exposes the entire path of this deadly modern-day epidemic starting in 1987, when a veterinary graduate student at North Carolina State University, named Stephen Smith, originally found Phiesteria. Further into the article it tells about Phiesteria moving north into parts of Maryland and even going south as far as 1,000-miles to the coast of Florida and how not enough action is being done to stop this deadly organism. The entire article is broken down into segmented stories of individual peoples fight with Phiesteria. I felt this article gave a great amount of information and helped to explain all of Phiesteria’s facts. One of the most amazing things I learned while reading this article is that the organism can infect humans even if they don’t come in direct contact with them, in fact, all we have to do is breath the air that is within a close proximity to where the organism is living.

Unitizing

Unitizing is very important in learning of mathematics. It is a mental operation that helps to understand and solve complex mathematical problems by separating classifying the values involved into units. Unitizing is grouping of a known number used in representing quantities. It is useful in understanding the value as well as developing counting strategies (Wright, Leeson & Geake, 2002). In addition, unitizing is very useful in understanding and developing the meaning of division as well as multiplication of both natural numbers and fractions. Unitizing is used in quite many settings in mathematical objects. These settings include geometry, algebra, measurements, number and operations and in data analysis and probability. In geometry, unitizing is very important in visualizing changes, in addition or multiplication and in developing the ability to reason, predict and represent knowledge appropriately. Unitizing is also very useful in algebra, where it is applied in both structural and procedural algebra. Procedural algebra is how to solve a problem where numerical values to solve algebraic equations are assigned, for instance; Find x if y=7 in 3Ãâ€"2-4y=20 Here, 3Ãâ€"2-4(7) =20 3Ãâ€"2 –28 = 20 3Ãâ€"2 = 48 x2 = 48/3 = 16 x = 4 Unitizing here can be applied in for instance giving the value of x, which can be given as 2Ãâ€"2 or 2+2. In this case ‘2’ is unitizing. Structural algebra involves use of letters to manipulate algebraic expressions. In number and operations, unitizing facilitates the understanding numbers and representing them. It is also useful in understanding fractions, for instance 1/2 can be written as 1?2 or 1x ? Unitizing is very useful in understanding multiplication and division of natural numbers as well as fractions. For instance, 2 x 4=8, can better be understood through learning many ways of approaching the problem. It can also be written as 2 x (2) (2) = (2) (4) Or as 2 x (2) (2) = (2) (2) (2). Unitizing 2 simplifies the understanding of the problem. More complex values can also be used such as: 4 x 16=64 this can be better understood by unitizing 4 such that the problem is represented as: 4x (4) (4) = (4) (4) (4) Developing understanding of division is also very much facilitated by the knowledge of unitizing. For instance, in determining the number of 8’s that are in 400, division should be performed as follows; 400/8 = 50, here 8 is unitizing To get to understand this better, simpler figures than 400 should be used but still the value of the numbers should be restored. This can only be acquired through unitizing and it can be as follows, 800/2 ? 8 2 can be unitizing such that 240/2 ?(2) (2) (2) and this simplifies the problem. Section 2 Unitizing is very important since it simplifies mathematical operations and facilitates understanding of the operations. It is important since it helps in development of deep and relevant reasoning especially when the unitizing value is being determined. Unitizing is so important since it facilitates the understanding of mathematical objects such as number and operations, especially in fractions, ratios and proportions. Unitizing helps in performing mathematical operations task with a lot of flexibility and confidence. Students should always be encouraged to practice unitizing in all their mathematical activities. Failure for the students to unitize leads to operating with too complex values and hence difficulties arise in trying to solve the problems. Operating with large numbers like for example multiplying 125 and 216 is quite hectic but if unitizing is applied, the operation becomes very easy and speed in generating the answer is increased. Section 3 Students frequently use unitizing especially in addition problems using the procedure of whole number, for instance, 8 + 14 = 22 Can also be approached through unitizing such that: 8 + (7+ 7) = 22 nitizing by using 7 can be practiced by the students. Students are also using unitizing in understanding part-whole concepts. For instance, students have used unitizing to be able to arrive at answers concerning fractions like, ? + ?. This can written as ? + ? . ? whereby unitizing is done by ? However, unitizing may not be done on some operations for instance those that originate from mathematical objects like measurement (Anghileri, & Julia 2001). This is a key concept in maths especially for the appreciation of invariance of length and angle measure. Students should not unitize in measuring angles since the size of the angle does not change. Similarly, the length measure does not change unless the size of what is being measured changes students also are unable to use unitizing in probability and data analysis especially when the problems are on formulation of questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize and display relevant data to answer them. Section 4 Students should be posed with a lot of contexts and opportunities as well as representations that will facilitate their unitizing. Many geometrical as well as algebraic problems should be provided to the students and they should be framed in such a way that unitizing is encouraged. Problems that require comparisons and representations by variables as well as these that require practice of conceptual understanding such as addition and multiplication of fractions should be given to the students. This improves the students ability for unitizing, something that facilitates their solving strategies. Representations should be encouraged among students since it is through this that they will be able to organize, record and also communicate mathematical ideas. Conclusion Unitizing is a very important mental function that is highly applicable in mathematics. It improves efficiency in solving mathematical problems. It helps students to develop a deeper meaning and understanding of mathematical operations such as multiplication, addition and division. It also enables students to develop diverse and applicable counting strategies as well as conceptual understanding. Therefore. Unitizing should highly be encouraged among the students for better performance in their solving of problems.

The Effect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Essay

The Effect of Law Changes on the Growth of Divorce Rate Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage. There is no doubt that divorce is much more common, becoming a norm almost. If present trends continue, it is estimated that 1 in 3 marriages will end in divorce, but is it the alteration in the legal grounds that is causing this trend? In this essay I will look at the other aspects that could be the foundation for the growth of divorce and state which I think is the most important factor. Prior to 1857, divorce could only be obtained by a private Act of Parliament. The grounds for divorce were based on matrimonial offences such as adultery, cruelty and desertion. There was a social class†¦show more content†¦It also altered the basis that financial settlements were determined by the court. The Family Law Act of 1999 ended the reliance upon showing that one of both partners were at fault, they just had to assert the marriage had broken down and undergo a period of reflection, of nine months, to â€Å"cool off† and consider whether reconciliation was possible. Counselling was encouraged and the courts accounted for children that were involved instead of automatically assuming that the children should live with the mother. This was an attempt to stem the rising number of divorces. There could be many factors that will explain the rise of divorce, one being the change of social attitudes. There is now a considerably less social stigma and blame attached to divorce; it is becoming more socially acceptable. This reduction in stigma could be a result of secularisation, the decreasing influence of religion in contemporary society. 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